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Back to Journals International Journal of General Medicine Volume 19 Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Exposure in Osteoarthritis: Immune Dysregulation and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways Authors Liu J , Tang J, Ma Z, Wang Z, Zhang H Received 24 March 2026 Accepted for publication 6 June 2026 Published 11 June 2026 Volume 2026:19 611519 DOI Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 2 Editor who approved publication: Professor Kenneth Adler Jiangchuan Liu, Jidong Tang, Zhuang Ma, Zeya Wang, Hongzhi Zhang Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to North Sichuan Medical College, Chengdu, Peoples Republic of China Correspondence: Jiangchuan Liu, Email [email protected] Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) was once seen mainly as a degenerative joint disease, but more studies now show that inflammation also has an important role in its development and progression
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